第二节 基础知识补充
一．动词的基本形式：英语动词共有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。
1.动词的基本构成及形式：
形式 | 构成 | 例词 |
动词原形 | 词典中一般给出的形式 | be, have, come, do |
第三人称单数形式 | 在动词原形后+ s | run—runs, like—likes |
以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的动词后+ es | teach—teaches, wash—washes, go—goes, pass—passes | |
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，改y为i再+ es | try—tries, study—studies | |
have─has | ||
现在分词 | 在动词原形后+ ing | read—reading |
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再+ ing | write—writing, have—having | |
以重读闭音节结尾的词， 末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写此字母后再+ ing | swim—swimming, dig—digging | |
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y再+ ing | die—dying, lie—lying | |
过去式与过去分词(规则变化) | 在动词原形后+ ed | work—worked |
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，改y为i再+ ed | carry—carried, study—studied | |
以重读闭音节结尾的词， 末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写此字母后再+ ed | stop—stopped, plan—planned |
说明：①词尾ed在清辅音后读/t/;在浊辅音和元音后读/d/;在/t/和/d/后读/ d/.
②词尾es或s在/s/,/z/,/t /,/d /后读/ z/;在清辅音后读/s/;在浊辅音及元音后读/z/;在/t/,/d/后读/ts/, /dz/.
2.不规则动词的过去式和过去分词：
原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
1.AAA型 | |||||
cost | cost | cost | put | put | put |
cut | cut | cut | read | read[red] | read[red] |
hit | hit | hit | set | set | set |
hurt | hurt | hurt | shut | shut | shut |
let | let | let | hurt | hurt | hurt |
2.AAB型 | |||||
beat | beat | beaten | |||
3.ABA型 | |||||
become | became | become | run | ran | run |
come | came | come | |||
原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
4.ABB型 | |||||
(1)原型后加d或t: | |||||
burn | burnt | burnt | mean | meant | meant |
hear | heard | heard | spoil | spoilt | spoilt |
learn | learnt | learnt | |||
(2)原型改d为t | |||||
build | built | built | send | sent | sent |
lend | lent | lent | spend | spent | spent |
(3)其他 | |||||
bring | brought | brought | meet | met | met |
buy | bought | bought | pay | paid | paid |
catch | caught | caught | say | said | said |
dig | dug | dug | sell | sold | sold |
feel | felt | felt | shine | shone (shined) | shone (shined) |
fight | fought | fought | sit | sat | sat |
find | found | found | sleep | slept | slept |
get | got | got | smell | smelt (smelled) | smelt (smelled) |
hang | hung (hanged) | hung (hanged) | spill | spilt | spilt |
have,has | had | had | spit | spat | spat |
hide | hid | hid (hidden) | stand | stood | stood |
hold | held | held | sweep | swept | swept |
keep | kept | kept | teach | taught | taught |
lay | laid | laid | tell | told | told |
leave | left | left | think | thought | thought |
lose | lost | lost | understand | understood | understood |
make | made | made | win | won | won |
5.ABC型 | |||||
(1)原型后加n或en: | |||||
blow | blew | blown | mistake | mistook | mistaken |
draw | drew | drawn | ride | rode | ridden |
drive | drove | driven | rise | rose | risen |
eat | ate | eaten | see | saw | seen |
fall | fell | fallen | show | showed | shown |
原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
give | gave | given | take | took | taken |
grow | grew | grown | throw | threw | thrown |
know | knew | known | write | wrote | writen |
(2)过去式后加n或en | |||||
break | broke | broken | sink | sunk (sank) | sunken (sunk) |
choose | chose | chosen | speak | spoke | spoken |
forget | forgot | forgotten | wake | woke | woken |
freeze | froze | frozen | |||
(3)改i为a(过去式）和u（过去分词) | |||||
begin | began | begun | sing | sang | sung |
drink | drank | drunk | swim | swam | swum |
ring | rang | rung | |||
(4)其他 | |||||
be (am,is) | was | been | go | went | gone |
be (are) | were | been | lie | lay | lain |
do | did | done | wear | wore | worn |
fly | flew | flown | |||
二、动词的时态
在英语中,由于谓语动词发生的时间不同,或表达不同时间存在的状态,谓语动词都要发生相应的变化,这些动词的形式就叫做动词的时态.英语共有16种时态,重点学习9种.现以动词do为例,将这9种时态构成列表如下：
一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 | |
现在 | 一般现在时： ①do ②does | 现在进行时： am/is/are doing | 现在完成时：has/have done | 现在完成进行时： has/have been doing |
过去 | 一般过去时：did | 过去进行时： was/were doing | 过去完成时： had done(初三学) | |
将来 | 一般将来时：①am/is/are going to do ②will/shall do | |||
过去将来 | 过去将来时：①was/were going to do ②would/should do | |||
