二、被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语中也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。一般用于强调受者,做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考,而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考,只是需要注意以下考点。
考点一:使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
1. 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
2. 主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
3. 短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
4. 情态动词和be going to,be to,be sure to,used to,have to,had better等结构
变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
5. 当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如: People say he is a smart boy. =It is said that he is a smart boy. =He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made inChinafirst. = It is known that paper was made inChinafirst. = Paper was known to be made inChinafirst. 类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that „
考点二:不能用被动语态的几种情况。
1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
2. 表示状态的谓语动词,如:last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,cost,look like,consist to等。
3. 表示归属的动词,如have,own,belong to等。
4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。
5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
6. 宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
7. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell,write,wash,open,lock等(此,句中常会有一些表示性质或动作特征的副词.如:well,badly,easily,hard,difficultly等)。
考点三:主动形式表被动意义。
1. 当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等;当cut,read,sell,wear,write等;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。 This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。 My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door won’t lock.门锁不上。 The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
2. 当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off.
3. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
4. be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
5. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink. The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。be dressed (in sth)穿着„ The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
考点四:被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如: The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态) The book is well sold.(系表结构)
【注意】1. 时态的呼应:在复合句中,从句(主要是宾语从句和状语从句)中的时态,与主句谓语动词常相互影响,制约,这就叫做时态的呼应,时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
(1)如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态,其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态,如:She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
(2)如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态,从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态,但要注意到下列情况: ① 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时,如:She said she was busy then. ② 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作明显发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句中须用过去完成时,如:I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. ③ 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句须用过去将来时,如:They didn’t know when they would have a rest. ④ 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象,虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时,如:When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. ⑤ 如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语,虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句仍用一般过去时,但如果该状语表示的时间不具体,则从句仍要用过去完成时,如:Tome said he was born in 1975.
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