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动词时态、语态之——现在完成时-详解
时态讲解:现在完成时
1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
3). 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.have been to 和have gone to的区别
have been to 强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:
He has been to the USA three times.
他到美国去过三次。(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)
have gone to主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如:
--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪?
--She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。
结构
1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
二、常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语
注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since连用.
1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间),for+短时间,since+点时间,so far, how long 提问的疑问句中.......
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如ever, never, twice, several times等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman several times.
3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
三、当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。如果谓语动词是非延续性动词则转化为对应的延续性动词。 若不是和短时间连用,则不用转化。
英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。
1. 持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。
常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2. 瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。
常见的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
3. 瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常用意思相当的持续性动词来替换
He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. (他参军已有3年了。)不用has joined
She has been up for quite some time. (她起床已有好久了。)不用has got up
Has your brother been away from home for a long time? (离家已有好久了吗?)不用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系:
1、go—be away 2、come—be here 3、come back—be back 4、leave—be away(be not here)5、buy—have 6、borrow—keep 7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on 9、finish—be over 10、open——be open 11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost 13、get to know—know 14、turn on—be on 15、get up——be up 16、sit down—sit/beseated 17、join—be in(…)或be a…member 18、become—be
4. 瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用
例如:I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)
四、区别下面三组词
Have been to 表示去过某地方,不过现在已经回来
Have gone to 表示去了,还未回来
Have been in 表示一直在某个地方
五现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在;而一般过去时表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。
I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦,是上个月去的。
1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
六、现在完成时的反义疑问句的结构
主语+have/has+动词过去分词+其他,have/has+not+主语
主语+have/has+not+动词过去分词+其他, have/has+主语
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