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公共英语——非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
不定式:
省to 的动词不定式
1、情态动词(除ought 外,ought to)
2、Would rather, had better.
3、 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补,省略 to.
注意:在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如:
The boss made them work the whole night.
They were made to work the whole night.
4、使役动词 let, have, make.
5、由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去。如:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
6、Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.
7、Why…/Why not…
8、But 和 except 前是动词 do 时,后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较: He wants to do nothing but go out.
9、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
动名词
只能接动名词作宾语的动词:
admit, advise, risk, appreciate, envy, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, understand, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, suggest, can’t help 禁不住,can’t stand无法忍受,devote to(to为介词)致力于,look forward to 期望、盼望,stick to坚持,be used to习惯于,object to反对,be busy忙于,fee like想要,be surprised at 对……感到惊讶,be proud of 以……为骄傲,succeed in 在某方面成功,be afraid of害怕,give up 放弃
只能接不定式作宾语的动词:
happen 碰巧,offer 主动提出,promise 答应,agree 同意,refuse拒绝,decide 决定,
determine 决定、决心,pretend 假装,fail 未能够,learn,wish希望,hope,expect,afford 负担得起。
接动名词、不定式均可,意义相同的动词:
like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, can’t bear/endure无法忍受,cease停止
下列词接动名词和不定式均可,但意义不同的动词:
forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做
forget to do 忘记要做
forget doing 忘记做过
remember to do 记得要做
remember doing 记得做过
regret to do 遗憾要做
regret doing 后悔做过
try to do 企图做,尽力做
try doing 试着做
go on to do 继续做(另一件事)
go on doing 继续做(同一件事)
mean to do 打算做
mean doing 意味做
need, require, want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth也有类似用法。如:
The flowers need watering/to be watered.
分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别:
在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;
在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
(1)选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。比较:
(Being)Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
(2)分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。
When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
分词的语态
1、通常情况下,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。如:
He is the man giving you/who gave you the book
She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.
2、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如:
a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴