河南专升本英语翻译详讲

专升本公共英语翻译部分主要考查考生对于英语原文的准确理解和自然地道的汉语表达能力，英汉两种语言在词汇现象方面有词义、词语搭配和词序上的不同，在句法现象上则有句子结构、句序和句子内容等其他表达手段的差异。其题目有结构简单、题材广泛、多考查重点词汇和语言的运用能力，考生注意在翻译过程中应书写工整，不要犯低级错误，例如；首字母大写，简单词不要错，性别正确。

一、英汉互译句法特征分析：

1、汉语的句法特征：

主语由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主句情况时常可见；谓语成分复杂，不受主语支配，无人称、数、时态的变化。句子与句子之间多无明显的逻辑关系连接。

2、英语句法特征：

主语突出，只能由名词或相当于名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，人称和数上必须主谓一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句子与句子之间多以连接词相联。

英语是主语显著语言，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此选择确定主语和谓语是成功构句的关键。

二、翻译解题策略之宏观把握：

1、主语的确定

1）以原句主语作为译文主语

我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。Our house was built over a hunderd years ago.

2.重新确定主语

可以是句子中其他词语，也可以是句外词语。

他的身材魁梧，长着一副大长方脸。

He was a gaint of a man with a long square face.

人不可貌相。

It is impossible to judge people from their

appearance.

3.增补主语

用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。

You realize your ideals through labour and you guide

your labour by ideals.

谓语的确定

选择谓语时必须考虑英语句法规范，遵循“主谓一致”原则，保证谓语和主语在人称和数上一致，动词时态、语态正确。鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强句法观念至关重要。

旅途中的情景很多，在此就不一一描写了。

My experiences of this trip are too numerous to be

described one by one

语序的调整

一.句内语序调整

1.状语的位置：灵活，一般按照

动词---方式---地点---时间  的顺序。

他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。

He reads hard in the library every evening

2.定语位置

单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后。

举世闻名的万里长城

The world famous Great Wall

山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。

Qufu, Shandong Provience, is the birthplace of

Confucious, a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.

句间语序

1.S+V+O，and /but S+V+O

2.引导词+从句+主句    或者

主句+引导词+从句

否定句的翻译

英语中的否定手段：

1.词汇手段

no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/否定前缀或后缀/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run

short//out of/beyond/without/above/except//before/unless/other than

2.句法手段

More…than/other than/rather than/know better

than/too…to

方法

1.直接已成否定句

注意否定转移情况

我认为他不够格。

I don’t think he is qualified

2.译成肯定句

人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。

The people is to the people’s army what water is to

fish.

他无可指责。

He is above blame.

他考试不及格。

He failed to pass the exam

3.译成否定句

直到….才…

直到考完试我才能去看你。

Not until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit

to you.

对应法  

If you don’t come here, I will go to

visit

you. 假如你不来，我就去看你。

改译法

他提醒我们要注意身体  

He warned us to take care of ourselves。

增译法

不知你是否完成了任务。 I wonder whether you have

finished your task.  许多商店开展‘买一赠一’的活动。  Many

departments provide service of “Buy One Get One Free”  

省译法  

你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢的进步。

You need rapid progress, not slow.

调整顺序

我能在这儿坐一会吗？ Can I sit here for a while    好的建议，谁来提都无所谓。If the suggestion is advisable, it

does not matter who gives it.   不管晴天阴天，比赛准时进行。  Rain

or shine,the match will go on time.

转换语态和正反对译

这座桥将在今年年底建成。

The construction of the bridge will be completed by the

end of this year

我还没来得及拦住她，她就向大家宣布了这个消息。 Before I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone.  当时女孩子没有受教育的机会。

Girls were denied the chance to education at that time

常用的句型

Not……until…..   句型

1.She did not go to bed until her mother came

back.她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。

2.Tom did not watch TV until he finished his homework.（2003.68）

3. It

was not until in my thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away

makes life so much more exciting.  直到将近不惑之年，我才如梦方醒，意识到奉献社会使我们的生活更加灿烂。（模拟1.58）

4. Not

until the beginning of the twentieth century did the human beings learn to

prevent the disease from spreading. 直到二十世纪初，人类才学会防治疾病的传播。

It is reported/said /estimated that  

It is

reported that foreign insurance companies has entered into nineteen Chinese

cities so far.         =made their way据报道，迄今为止，外国保险公司已打入中国19个城市。

据估计，已经有100多万人从这个工程中受益。It’s estimated that more than 1 million

people had been benefited from this project

It is necessary/important for sb to do sth

我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的文化差异。It is necessary for us to

learn/know some differences between some English speaking countries and China.（2002.70）

大学生学好英语很重要。 It is important for university

students to learn English well.（2003.66）

比较级

你练得越刻苦，你取得的进步就越大。The harder you practice,the

greater progress you will make.（2003.70）

他在各方面都比我好  

He is much better than I in every aspect.

This

year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last

year. 他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多

The

people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a

house.  对于同一所房子，人们将要支付的是往常支付钱数的两三倍之多

Be likely to

and not….but…..

The

words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be

needed by every person. 本词典词条所列，都是每个人极可能用得上的单词和词组。

如果你想获得成功，除了努力工作以外别无选择。 There is no other choices but

hard- working if you want to be successful.

It

seems that…and  in spite of…..

It

seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have

been in different worlds.  看起来很奇怪的是，在过去的十年里，麦克和我可能恰好在不同的世界里。（2008.57）

In

spite of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation

of the world.  尽管意见有分歧，我们对维护世界和平有着共同的利益。

Although,but  and depend on

尽管警察怀疑这名年轻人，但没有足够证据证明他就是犯罪。 Although this young person is

under suspicion, there is no proof to show he is the criminal.(2005.80)

使我们自己的所为和所不为决定着我们的未来。 Our future depends on what we

ourselves should do or not do.(2007.61)

我们能否出行取决于天气。Our trip is dependent on the

weather.(depends on )(模拟1.64)

So….that…and  sb have the/no little chance  of /there is little chance of  

汤姆筋疲力尽，看着书竟睡着了。 Tom was so worn out that he fell

asleep while reading a book.

He has

no chance of passing the examination.He never goes his lesson.他绝没有及格的可能，因为他从来不复习功课。There is little chance of our

coming to business because of the big differences between our price.由于双方价格悬殊，我们恐怕很难达成协议。

Scarcely/hardly…when…and   sb wonder

He had

scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read. 他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。（2002.61）

四、完形填空题型分析

五、翻译解题方法和技巧                                                                  

1、技巧一：语词搭配

某些动词，在汉语中只能用于人。而英语中既可以用于人，又可用于物。所以，汉译时要符合汉语搭配习惯。比如 see 或 witness。

1949 saw the founding of the People’s

Republic of China.

1. Dusk found her crying at a corner of

this street.

黄昏时，有人看见她在街上的一个拐角处哭泣。

2. His name escapes me for the moment.

我一时记不起他的名字。

2、技巧二：语词的引申

翻译中的引申，指的是在语言转换时，为适应译文表意或行文的需要，在原词或词组基本意思的基础上，对词义进行符合逻辑的调整或变动。翻译实践中常见的有：具体化、抽象化、逻辑化引申。

3. The car in front of me stalled and I

missed the green.

我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了可通行时间。

4. Please don’t wake a sleeping dog.

请不要惹是生非。

5. Don’t waste time on self-congratulation;

there is still work to do.

不要因为沾沾自喜而浪费时间；还有工作要做呢。

3、技巧三：语词的增译和省译

6. He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.

他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。

用增词法试着翻译：

1. 累得我走不动了。

2. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。

 1.

It makes me so tired that I can’t walk any more.

 2.

While/Where there is life, there is hope.

7. As she sat down and began talking, words

poured out.

她一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

8. I could have skinned Rupert in front of

the whole audience.

我真恨不得当着听众的面剥了鲁伯特的皮。

9. The doctor put the baby in her arms. She

kissed it on the forehead.

医生将婴儿放到她怀里，吻了吻孩子的前额。

A

horse is a useful animal.

马是有用的动物。

10. We had much snow last year.

去年下了很多雪。

11. Smoking is prohibited in public places.

公共场所，禁止吸烟。

12. Many years passed and the young man was

very successfu in business.

许多年过去了，年轻人在生意上非常成功。

13. If I had known it, I would not have

joined in it.

早知如此，我就不参加了。

4、技巧四：语词的词类转换

14. The sight and sound of our jet planes

filled me with special longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。

15. She opened the window to let fresh air

in.

她打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。

16. Johnson was eloquent and elegant------

but soft.

约翰逊有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

17. The White family were religious.

怀特一家都是虔诚的教徒。

18. It is chiefly characterized by its easy

operation.

它的主要特点是操作简单。

19. He is no smoker, but his father is a

chain-smoker.

他倒是不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接着一支地抽。

5、技巧五：语词的正反替代法

也就是：把正说词从反面表达出来→ 正说反译；

把反说词从正面表达出来→ 反说正译。

如：

1. 正说反译

fail 没做成            deceptive 靠不住的

危险的 insecure        厌恶情绪  dislike

2. 反说正译

incomplete  残缺的    infrequent 偶尔的

  不到200英里  within 200 miles

20. I missed what you said because of the

noise outside.

由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。

21. We were waiting the outcome with

impatience.

我们焦急地等着结果。

22. All articles are untouchable in the

museum.

博物馆内所有的展品禁止触摸。

6、技巧六：定语从句的翻译

前置译法

     就是把相对较短的定语从句翻译为“…的”，来修饰先行词。

23. These boys who wanted to play football

were disappointed when it rained.

这些渴望踢足球的孩子们因下雨而感到失望。

24. Every mascot that symbolizes the

Olympics is linked to the city and the country hosting the Games.

每个象征奥林匹克运动会的吉祥物都与奥运会举办城市和国家有联系。

试着翻译2005年专升本第68题：

68. If the killing continues, this

wonderful animal , which took millions of years to develop, will be gone . （2005’）

答案：如果继续捕杀，这种经过几百万年进化而来的奇妙动物就会灭绝。

分译法

25. “Nice” is the most overworked word in

the English language whose meaning can only be divined by its context.

在英语里，“nice”是个用的过滥的词，其意思只可通过上下文推测而得。

26. American education owes a great debt to

Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could

remain free.

托马斯-杰弗逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。他认为只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。

请翻译2008年真题第67题：

67.Scientists are working on an electronic

device, which could make life easier for the people.

答案：科学家们正在研制一种电子装置，它能让人们的生活更加便捷。

融合法

   也就是把主句的主语或先行词和定语从句融合起来，翻译为一个独立的句子。

27. There are some metals which possess the

power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.

某些金属既能导电，也能被磁化。

特殊定语从句的翻译

As引导：先进行分译，然后把as翻译为“正如，像，如”等。

Which引导：先进行分译，然后把which译为“这，那，从而，因而”

28. More American troops are being sent to

the Middle East, as I have learnt from the newspaper.

正如我从报纸上所了解的那样，更多美国部队正派往中东。

29. As is the Chinese cook’s custom, my

mother always made negative remarks about her own cooking.

我妈妈总是说她自己烧的菜不好，这是中国厨师的习惯。

30. She was awarded a gold medal, which the

whole family considered a great honor.

她被授予一枚金牌，全家人都认为这是极大的荣耀。

31. He likes mountaineering, which is quite

a fashionable exercise.

他喜爱登山，那是一项很时髦的运动。

7、技巧七：被动句的翻译

1.译成汉语被动句

32. A young man was shot yesterday by a man

in a stocking mask.

一位年轻男子昨天被一蒙面男子枪杀。

33. Thy young woman was abandoned by her

husband.

这个年轻女子被她丈夫遗弃了。

2.变化汉语词汇来表达被动

比如：

Poets are born, but orators are made.

诗人是天生的，而演说家是后天造就的。

34. Private enterprise and industry were

permitted and encouraged.

私人企业和工业得到了许可并受到鼓励。

3.译成汉语泛指人称句

 译为“大家，有人，人们”等。

It + be + v-ed + that-clause

  It

is estimated that…

  It

has been decided that…

  It

must be remembered that…

  It

must be admitted that…

  It

is taken for granted that…

It must be pointed out that…

  It

is generally considered that…

It may be said without fear of exaggeration

that…

35. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but

on television everything is much more living, much more real.

有人可能会指出，无线电广播也能做到这一点，但还是电视屏幕上的节目生动、真实的多。

4.译成汉语无主句

36. These instruments must be handled with

great care.

必须小心操作这些仪器。

37. These questions should not be confused.

不要把这些问题混在一起。

8、技巧八：其他结构的翻译问题

38. Then with a bag of toys and books we

walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.

我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。

39. He was quick to use self-deprecating

humor to throw anyone off the scent.

为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说了些自我挖苦的笑话。

40. A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me

in a spray.

一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驶而过，溅了我一身水。

41. That he will come to the discussion is

certain.

他肯定会来参加讨论的。

42. He doesn’t know what life means to him.

他不知道人生的意义。

43. The boy sat down on a stone to take a

pebble out of his shoe when he saw a stranger approaching him.

那小孩坐在石头上正打算从鞋子里取碎石子，这时他看见一个陌生人朝他走来。

44. Hardly had I got abroad when the train

started.

我刚上火车，车就开了。

45. Here ends the diary of Dr. Watson.

华生医生的日记写到这就结束了。

华生医生的日记就写到这里。

46. Little did I then know the meaning of

war and what it was in reality.

当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义及战争实际上是怎么回事。

47. I just hate everybody. No, not you,

Phyr, but everybody else.

我就是很所有人。不，不是你，菲儿，我恨其他所有人。

48. He realized the “subtlety” of China’s

messages, the gap between her hot rhetoric and her cool action.

他领会了中国信息的“微妙之处”：言辞激烈，但行动迟缓。

49. (1) Like charges repel; unlike charges

attract.

相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。

(2) I likes English more than mathematics.

我喜欢英语胜过喜欢数学。

(3) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of

dust shining like gold.

在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象径自一样闪闪发光。

(4) Like knows like.

英雄识英雄。

50. (1) He was a man of high renown.

他是位有名望的人。

(2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.

他是流氓的恶名是死后传开的。

(3) Lao Wang keeps boasting that he has talked to the premier Wen.

    老王总是吹嘘说他曾与温总理说过话。

(4) “He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.

她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”

51. They talked about inflation,

unemployment and environmental pollution.

他们谈到通货膨胀、失业、环境污染等问题。

52. To him, the birds sang, the squirrel

chattered and the flowers bloomed.

鸟儿向他唱歌，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿为他开放。

53. He wandered about in the chill rain,

thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding .

他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。

54. The murderer ran away as fast as he

could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.

凶手尽快的逃脱，以免被当场抓住。

9、技巧九：长句的翻译

1.逆译法

55. And he knew how ashamed he would have

been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,

and the kind of people among whom he was born.

他出生在这类中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让他知道的话，他知道该多么丢人。

2.综合法

56. When Smith was drunk, he used to beat

his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at

the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of

cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters.

史密斯喝醉之后常常打老婆和女儿，第二天带着头痛发牢骚，抱怨世人不能赏识他的才华。他痛骂同行画家都是糊涂虫，话很尖刻，有时候也很有道理。